I use them in a pair configuration (this first, then a charcoal filter for flavor and solids) in conjunction with my espresso machine's feed water. Hard water is very bad for your expensive coffee maker; it forms scale in the boiler and will eventually destroy it if not prevented or cleaned. Please note that these cartridges should never be used without a downstream activated carbon filter as they can release small amounts of particles from the resin block into the water stream. , and that's not good for your car either. Lifespan depends on how hard your water is (you don't need it if it's not hard) and how much water is flowing through it. I use it on my hardwired espresso machine which gets heavy but for home use. For me, that's a six-month exchange cycle. I change this item every time I change the charcoal filter, which I do every three months. You should adjust this schedule depending on your water and its hardness; mine is pretty tough, and I've been monitoring my boiler for scale buildup and haven't found one for a few years, so I change it "quite often" based on the evidence. or not, and if so, it's either cheap or not. Well, it works and it's a lot cheaper than other sources I've found for them, which is why it gets five stars. :-)
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