Introduction to 3D Scanning
3D scanning is a process that analyzes a real-world object or environment to collect data on its shape and appearance. This data is then used to construct digital 3D models that can be used in a wide variety of applications.
How 3D Scanning Works
There are a few common technologies used in 3D scanning:
- Laser scanning - Uses laser light to map surfaces
- Structured light scanning - Projects a pattern of light onto objects
- Photogrammetry - Creates 3D models from photograph collections
These scanners use cameras, lasers, and software to process scan data into point clouds or polygon meshes which can then be used in CAD programs, 3D printers, animation software, virtual reality, and more.
Key 3D Scanning Applications
Some common uses of 3D scanning include:
- Reverse engineering - Scanning existing objects to create CAD models for redesign or reproduction
- Quality control - Scanning manufactured parts and comparing to original CAD
- Digital archiving - Preserving cultural artifacts and heritage sites with 3D scans
- Computer graphics - Scans provide realistic 3D models for animation, VR, and VFX
- Medical field - Scanning human anatomy for implants, prosthetics, and orthotics
| Industry | 3D Scanning Applications |
|---|---|
| Engineering & Manufacturing | Reverse engineering, rapid prototyping, quality control |
| Healthcare | Custom orthotics, prosthetics, implants, forensics |
| Entertainment | CGI for movies, games, VR, augmented reality |
Benefits of 3D Scanning
Some key benefits that 3D scanning provides across many industries include:
- Increased efficiency - Scans are faster and cheaper than manually measuring objects
- High accuracy - Scans can precisely capture small details in complex shapes
- Digital archiving - Scans create interactive 3D models that future generations can access
- Greater customization - Scans enable mass customization in manufacturing and medicine
As 3D scanning technology continues advancing, businesses and consumers can expect more applications that improve productivity, customization, and accessibility across many verticals.
Choosing the Right 3D Scanner
With many types of 3D scanners available, it's important to select the right technology for your application. Key criteria to consider include scanner mobility, scanning method, and resolution.
Handheld vs Stationary Scanners
Handheld scanners are portable devices that are moved around objects to scan them. Stationary scanners have fixed positions requiring objects to be brought to them.
- Handheld
- More flexible scanning of large or fixed objects
- Lower cost models available
- Stationary
- Higher precision and accuracy
- Larger scanning area
- Automated turntables available
Handhelds suit scanning small or hard to reach objects, while stationary excel at automated scans of large objects.
Structured Light vs Laser Scanning
Structured light and laser scanning use different technologies to capture object geometry:
- Structured Light
- Projects light patterns onto objects
- Effective for color/texture capture
- Safer eyesafe scanning
- Laser Scanning
- Uses precise laser beams
- Faster data capture speed
- Higher accuracy potential
Structured light suits scanning organic shapes with diffuse surfaces, while lasers work better for hard surfaces with high accuracy needs.
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Resolution Requirements
Required scanner resolution depends on your application and desired level of detail:
| Application | Recommended Resolution |
|---|---|
| Concept modeling | 1-2 mm |
| Engineering & CAD | 0.1-0.5 mm |
| Quality inspection | 0.05-0.2 mm |
| Medical use | 0.1-0.5 mm |
| Dentistry | 0.02-0.1 mm |
| Jewelry design | 0.005-0.05 mm |
Understanding your needs for scanner mobility, method, and resolution helps narrow the choices to find the right 3D scanning solution.
Scanning Difficult Materials
While 3D scanners can capture a wide range of objects, some materials present challenges due to their shape, size, color, transparency, or reflectivity. Understanding these difficulties allows selecting the right scanning strategies.
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Reflective Surfaces
Highly reflective materials like mirrors, chrome, or polished metal can deflect scanning light sources, resulting in inaccurate data capture. Solutions include:
- Applying a temporary matte coating spray
- Using a stationary laser scanner with blue or infrared light
- Selecting a scanner with multi-spectral camera sensors
Transparent Objects
Transparent glass and plastic allow light to pass through, making surface detection difficult. Options include:
- Placing the object against an opaque background
- Coating the object temporarily with white developer powder
- Using a scanner with polarized or structured light
Black & Dark Materials
Dark object colors can absorb light emitted by scanners. Tactics to help scanning include:
- Using a scanner with blue or infrared light
- Applying white developer spray to dark surfaces
- Dusting objects with white powder pigments
Small Objects
Scanning small items like jewelry, teeth, or electronics requires high scanner resolution and precise positioning. Helpful tips:
- Use mounting putty or modeling clay to position small objects
- Select a scanner with micron-level resolution
- Use a precision turntable for controlled small object rotation
Taking the right approach to dealing with each object's shape, size, and material properties allows expanding the possibilities for high quality 3D scanning.
Post Processing 3D Scans
After 3D scanning an object, some post processing is usually required to clean up the raw scan data and convert it into a useful digital model.
Common Scan Data Issues
Typical scan data problems include:
- Holes and gaps in surfaces
- Overlapping, disjointed, or misaligned scan data
- Excess noise points cluttering the scan
- Artifacts caused by reflections or transparency
These types of issues must be addressed in post processing before the scan can be used for applications like 3D printing, CAD, or digital archiving.
Scan Optimization Software
Specialized software like Geomagic, RapidForm, or MeshLab allow cleaning, optimizing, and repairing scan data. Typical post processing workflow includes:
- Aligning multiple scans into a complete model
- Removing stray outlier points
- Smoothing rough mesh surfaces
- Filling any holes in the model
- Reducing polygon counts for greater efficiency
This processing generates a refined, watertight 3D model optimized for downstream usage.
Converting Scans to Usable Formats
Once scan data is cleaned, it can be exported into formats like:
- STL - For 3D printing and basic 3D applications
- OBJ - For 3D graphics and animation
- PLY - For 3D visualization and analysis
- STEP - For CAD/CAM design workflows
The optimized model can also have photorealistic textures applied if captured during scanning.
Automating Post Processing
For frequent large scans, automating post processing via scripting can save significant time vs manual data cleanup.
With some expertise and practice, post processing scans becomes an efficient way to transform raw scanning data into high quality 3D digital models.
How 3D Scanning Can Be Used In Manufacturing?
3D scanning is a valuable tool in the manufacturing industry. Here are some ways it can be used:
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What Are Some Examples Of Products That Can Be Manufactured Using 3D Scanning?
3D scanning is a versatile tool that can be used to manufacture a wide range of products. Here are some examples of products that can be manufactured using 3D scanning:
These are just a few examples of the many products that can be manufactured using 3D scanning. With its versatility and precision, 3D scanning is becoming an increasingly important tool in the manufacturing industry.
